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Arpit Bhayani Blogs
001 Ai Topological Sort

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TLDR: How Persistent Data Structures Work

Date: 2021-02-07 Source: https://arpitbhayani.me/blogs/persistent-data-structures-introduction

Overview

Explore persistent data structures - access historical versions, understand partial, full, and confluent persistence, and see real-world applications. Partially Persistent Data Structures allows access to all the historical versions but allows modification to only the newest one.

Key Points

  • Partially Persistent: Partially Persistent Data Structures allows access to all the historical versions but allows modification to only the newest one.
  • Functional Programming Languages: Functional Programming Languages are ideal candidates for incorporating Persistent Data Structures as they forbid, while some discourage, the mutability of underlying structures.
  • Computational Geometry: One of the fundamental problems in Computational Geometry is the Point Location Problem which deals with identifying the region where the query point lies.
001-ai-topological-sort.md
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002 Temporal Primer
002-temporal-primer.md
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003 Rag Production
003-rag-production.md
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004 Structure Of Llm Chat
004-structure-of-llm-chat.md
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005 How Llms Work
005-how-llms-work.md
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006 Monolith Is Distributed System
006-monolith-is-distributed-system.md
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007 Defensive Databases
007-defensive-databases.md
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008 Bm25
008-bm25.md
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009 Join Algorithms
009-join-algorithms.md
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010 Venting At Work
010-venting-at-work.md
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011 Half Life
011-half-life.md
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012 Multi Paxos
012-multi-paxos.md
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013 Mysql Replication Internals
013-mysql-replication-internals.md
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014 Bloom Filters
014-bloom-filters.md
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015 Clock Sync Nightmare
015-clock-sync-nightmare.md
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016 Kafka Partitions
016-kafka-partitions.md
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017 Product Quantization
017-product-quantization.md
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018 Qkv Matrices
018-qkv-matrices.md
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019 Deleted Production
019-deleted-production.md
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020 How Llm Inference Works
020-how-llm-inference-works.md
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021 Blocking Queues
021-blocking-queues.md
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022 Heartbeats In Distributed Systems
022-heartbeats-in-distributed-systems.md
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023 Cassandra Writes
023-cassandra-writes.md
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024 Redis Replication
024-redis-replication.md
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025 Arrogant People At Work
025-arrogant-people-at-work.md
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026 Cdn Content Replication
026-cdn-content-replication.md
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027 Cant Fix Everything Day One
027-cant-fix-everything-day-one.md
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028 Emotions At Work
028-emotions-at-work.md
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029 Grpc Http2
029-grpc-http2.md
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030 Meetings With No Agenda Are A Waste Of Time
030-meetings-with-no-agenda-are-a-waste-of-time.md
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031 Growth Is Not About Doing Everything
031-growth-is-not-about-doing-everything.md
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032 Career Longevity Vs Job Hopping
032-career-longevity-vs-job-hopping.md
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033 Stay Relevant At Higher Salary Levels
033-stay-relevant-at-higher-salary-levels.md
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034 Why Consensus
034-why-consensus.md
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035 Database Deadlocks
035-database-deadlocks.md
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036 Cpu Cache Locality
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037 Eventual Consistency
037-eventual-consistency.md
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038 Dns Udp Tcp
038-dns-udp-tcp.md
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039 Masters
039-masters.md
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040 Empathy Makes Great Engineers Unstoppable
040-empathy-makes-great-engineers-unstoppable.md
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041 Good Mentors Build People
041-good-mentors-build-people.md
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042 Always Have Back Burner Projects
042-always-have-back-burner-projects.md
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043 Before You Push Back Know What Youre Standing On
043-before-you-push-back-know-what-youre-standing-on.md
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044 Be The One They Can Count On
044-be-the-one-they-can-count-on.md
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045 How Much People Bet On You
045-how-much-people-bet-on-you.md
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046 How To Get Leadership To Say Yes To Your Project
046-how-to-get-leadership-to-say-yes-to-your-project.md
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047 Dont Let Your Best Ideas Die In Silence
047-dont-let-your-best-ideas-die-in-silence.md
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048 Be Someone Others Want To Work With
048-be-someone-others-want-to-work-with.md
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049 Dont Fall For Xy Problem Ask Right Questions
049-dont-fall-for-xy-problem-ask-right-questions.md
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050 Biggest Lie Startups Tell Engineers
050-biggest-lie-startups-tell-engineers.md
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051 Promotions Are Proactive Not Reactive
051-promotions-are-proactive-not-reactive.md
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052 Not Enough To Be Right Learn To Be Heard
052-not-enough-to-be-right-learn-to-be-heard.md
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053 No One Ships Alone
053-no-one-ships-alone.md
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054 Not Every Mistake Needs A Correction
054-not-every-mistake-needs-a-correction.md
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055 Build Influence At Work
055-build-influence-at-work.md
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056 Your Soft Skills Arent Soft At All
056-your-soft-skills-arent-soft-at-all.md
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057 Experience Before Forming Opinion
057-experience-before-forming-opinion.md
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058 Curiosity And High Bias For Action
058-curiosity-and-high-bias-for-action.md
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059 Worklog
059-worklog.md
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060 Mistakes And Growth
060-mistakes-and-growth.md
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061 Own It Instead Of Sweeping It Aside
061-own-it-instead-of-sweeping-it-aside.md
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062 Dont Wait Step Up
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063 Temporary Fix Is Permanent
063-temporary-fix-is-permanent.md
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064 Interview Bias And What Sets You Apart
064-interview-bias-and-what-sets-you-apart.md
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065 Saying This Isnt My Problem Is A Problem
065-saying-this-isnt-my-problem-is-a-problem.md
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066 Okr
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067 Miscommunication
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068 When In Doubt Code It Out
068-when-in-doubt-code-it-out.md
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069 Follow Up Without Annoying People
069-follow-up-without-annoying-people.md
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070 Lead Projects That Land
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071 Abstract Thinking Skill Next Decade
071-abstract-thinking-skill-next-decade.md
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072 We Engineers Suck At Task Estimation
072-we-engineers-suck-at-task-estimation.md
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073 Shiny Object Syndrome In Tech
073-shiny-object-syndrome-in-tech.md
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074 3p
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075 Leverage The Equilibrium
075-leverage-the-equilibrium.md
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076 On Demand Container Loading In Aws Lambda
076-on-demand-container-loading-in-aws-lambda.md
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077 Sql Has Problems We Can Fix Them Pipe Syntax In Sql
077-sql-has-problems-we-can-fix-them-pipe-syntax-in-sql.md
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078 Nanolog A Nanosecond Scale Logging System
078-nanolog-a-nanosecond-scale-logging-system.md
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079 Best Resource Is Mythical
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080 Wtf The Who To Follow Service At Twitter
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081 Know A Lot
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082 Out Of Syllabus
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083 Negotiate The Offer
083-negotiate-the-offer.md
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084 Never Bad Mouth Your Ex Exployer
084-never-bad-mouth-your-ex-exployer.md
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085 Culture Fit
085-culture-fit.md
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086 Quantification In Resume
086-quantification-in-resume.md
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087 Hiring Is Unfair
087-hiring-is-unfair.md
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088 Questions For Interviewers
088-questions-for-interviewers.md
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089 Collaboration Communication
089-collaboration-communication.md
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090 Out Of Vicious Interview Cycle
090-out-of-vicious-interview-cycle.md
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091 Pitch Projects Not Ideas
091-pitch-projects-not-ideas.md
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092 Read Design Docs
092-read-design-docs.md
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093 Read Rca Docs
093-read-rca-docs.md
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094 Start Generalist
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095 Do Not Rely On Summaries
095-do-not-rely-on-summaries.md
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096 Structure Your Design Interviews
096-structure-your-design-interviews.md
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097 Title Inflation
097-title-inflation.md
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098 Find Your Own Project
098-find-your-own-project.md
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099 Six Pointers To Crack Coding And Design Interviews
099-six-pointers-to-crack-coding-and-design-interviews.md
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100 Keep Yourself Unblocked
100-keep-yourself-unblocked.md
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101 Genetic Knapsack
101-genetic-knapsack.md
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102 Pseudorandom Number Generation Lfsr
102-pseudorandom-number-generation-lfsr.md
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103 How Indexes Work On Partitioned And Sharded Data
103-how-indexes-work-on-partitioned-and-sharded-data.md
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104 Some Data Partitioning Strategies For Distributed Data Stores
104-some-data-partitioning-strategies-for-distributed-data-stores.md
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105 Data Partitioning
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106 Leaderless Replication
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107 Conflict Resolution
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108 Conflict Detection
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109 Multi Master Replication
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110 Monotonic Reads
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111 Read Your Write Consistency
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112 Handling Outages Master Replica
112-handling-outages-master-replica.md
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113 Replication Formats
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114 Replication Strategies
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115 Master Replica Replication
115-master-replica-replication.md
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116 Durability
116-durability.md
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117 Isolation
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118 Atomicity
118-atomicity.md
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119 Consistency
119-consistency.md
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120 Architectures In Distributed Systems
120-architectures-in-distributed-systems.md
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121 Mistaken Beliefs Of Distributed Systems
121-mistaken-beliefs-of-distributed-systems.md
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122 Fork Bomb
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123 Chained Operators Python
123-chained-operators-python.md
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124 Taxonomy On Sql
124-taxonomy-on-sql.md
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125 The Weird Walrus
125-the-weird-walrus.md
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126 Fully Persistent Arrays
126-fully-persistent-arrays.md
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127 Persistent Data Structures Introduction
127-persistent-data-structures-introduction.md
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128 Constant Folding Python
128-constant-folding-python.md
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129 String Interning Python
129-string-interning-python.md
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130 Recursion Visualizer Python
130-recursion-visualizer-python.md
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131 Flajolet Martin
131-flajolet-martin.md
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132 2q Cache
132-2q-cache.md
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133 Israeli Queues
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134 1d Terrain
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135 Jaccard Minhash
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136 Ts Smoothing
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137 Lfu
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138 Morris Counter
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139 Slowsort
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140 Bitcask
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141 Phi Accrual
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142 10x Engineer
142-10x-engineer.md
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143 Decipher Repeated Key Xor
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144 Decipher Single Xor
144-decipher-single-xor.md
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145 Python Iterable Integers
145-python-iterable-integers.md
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146 Inheritance C
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147 Rum
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148 Consistent Hashing
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149 Python Caches Integers
149-python-caches-integers.md
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150 Fractional Cascading
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151 Copy On Write
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152 Midpoint Insertion Caching Strategy
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153 Fsm Python
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154 Bayesian Average
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155 Sliding Window Ratelimiter
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156 Idf
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157 Better Programmer
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158 Python Prompts
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159 Rule 30 Cellular Automata
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160 Function Overloading
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161 Isolation Forest
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162 Image Steganography
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163 Long Integers Python
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164 I Changed My Python
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165 Benchmark And Compare Pagination Approach In Mongodb
165-benchmark-and-compare-pagination-approach-in-mongodb.md
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166 Mongodb Cursor Skip Is Slow
166-mongodb-cursor-skip-is-slow.md
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167 Fast And Efficient Pagination In Mongodb
167-fast-and-efficient-pagination-in-mongodb.md
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168 Making Http Requests Using Netcat
168-making-http-requests-using-netcat.md
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  • Text and File Editing: The most common operation required by any Text or File editing tool is Undo and Redo and having persisted all historical versions through a persistent data structure makes these most frequent operations very efficient and a breeze.
  • Copy on Write Semantics: A naive way to implement Partial Persistence is by utilizing the Copy-on-Write semantics and naively creating a deep copy upon every update.
  • The Fat Node Method: Instead of creating copies of the entire data structure, the Fat Node method suggests that each cell holding the value within the data structure is modified to hold multiple values (one for each version) making it arbitrarily fat.

    • Takeaway

    The path-copying method copies all the nodes coming in the path from the root to the node being modified.